封育对干热河谷稀树灌草丛退化草地土壤种子库和植物多样性的影响

于2004年对金沙江干热河谷地区典型稀树灌草丛退化草地进行了围栏封育。在封育后第1年和第2年,以未围栏封育退化草地为对照,对草地土壤种子库和植被的物种组成、密度变化、多样性变化及土壤种子库与植被群落的相似性进行了调查和分析。结果表明,随着围栏封育年限的增加,土壤种子库密度和植物密度增加极显著（P〈0．001）,其物种组成主要以一年生草本为主。在围栏封育过程中,土壤种子库和物种丰富度明显下降,物种多样性降低,植被均匀性下降。随着封育年限增加,土壤种子库物种组成相似性指数和植被物种组成相似性指数均降低。     

新疆塔里木盆地两河流域野生麻资源调查

麻具有药用、轻纺、保健、造纸、制作药烟、蜜源等多种经济价值.新疆塔里木盆地两河(叶尔羌河、塔里木河)流域是野生麻(大叶白麻Poacynum hendersonii、白麻P.pictum、罗布麻Apocynum venetum)的主要产区,其中大叶白麻分布广,面积大,储量多.按有关分类方法,将野生麻资源划分为6个群系12个群丛.野生麻分布面积23.56万hm2,有麻面积18.12万hm2,其中大叶白麻占99.51%;白麻占0.49%.鲜麻总产量59.35万t,折合干麻总产量24.41万t.为更好的利用野生麻资源,在对其种类、分布、面积、生物量调查的基础上,对麻的开发前景、野生麻田的保护管理及改良培育、人工麻田的建立、科技攻关5个方面提出了建议.     

三江源区高寒草原土壤湿度变化特征及与气候因子的关系

利用青海省三江源区兴海县牧业气象站1999-2016年高寒草原土壤湿度、牧草生育期资料,分析了高寒草原土壤湿度的年、季变化特征以及牧草生长季不同生育期土壤湿度的变化特征及与气候因子的关系。结果表明:高寒草原0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm土壤湿度均随年际延长呈增加趋势,春季除40-50 cm土层外,其他各层土壤湿度均随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),且与生长季降水量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。随着气候变化,牧草抽穗、开花、成熟和枯黄期的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。牧草抽穗期、枯黄和全生育期的土壤湿度与气温呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季土壤湿度的增加有利于草地植被生长。     

Eighty Years of Grazing by Cattle Modifies Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Structure

Grazing by cattle is ubiquitous across the sagebrush steppe; however, little is known about its effects on sagebrush and native bunchgrass structure. Understanding the effects of long-term grazing on sagebrush and bunchgrass structure is important because sagebrush is a keystone species and bunchgrasses are the dominant herbaceous functional group in these communities. To investigate the effects of long-term grazing on sagebrush and bunchgrass structure, we compared nine grazing exclosures with nine adjacent rangelands that were grazed by cattle in southeast Oregon. Grazing was moderate utilization (30 ? 45%) with altering season of use and infrequent rest. Long-term grazing by cattle altered some structural aspects of bunchgrasses and sagebrush. Ungrazed bunchgrasses had larger dead centers in their crowns, as well as greater dead fuel depths below and above the crown level compared with grazed bunchgrasses. This accumulation of dry fuel near the meristematic tissue may increase the probability of fire-induced mortality during a wildfire. Bunchgrasses in the ungrazed treatment had more reproductive stems than those in the long-term grazed treatment. This suggests that seed production of bunchgrasses may be greater in ungrazed areas. Sagebrush height and longest canopy diameter were 15% and 20% greater in the ungrazed compared with the grazed treatment, respectively. However, the bottom of the sagebrush canopy was closer to the ground in the grazed compared with the ungrazed treatment, which may provide better hiding cover for ground-nesting avian species. Sagebrush basal stem diameter, number of stems, amount of dead material in the canopy, canopy gap size, and number of canopy gaps did not differ between ungrazed and grazed treatments. Moderate grazing does not appear to alter the competitive relationship between a generally unpalatable shrub and palatable bunchgrasses. Long-term, moderate grazing appears to have minimal effects to the structure of bunchgrasses and sagebrush, other than reducing the risk of bunchgrass mortality during a fire event.     

Research on the Effect of Plant Combination Types on the Shear Strength of the Root-soil Composite System of Alpine Grassland in the Source Region of the Yellow River北大核心CSCD

In this study,an alpine grassland in Henan County,Qinghai Province,in the source region of the Yellow River,was selected as the study area. The shear strength of root-soil composite system characteristics of 6 different plant combination types of grassland were explored by field investigation and sampling and indoor tests,which aimed to provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling soil erosion and shallow landslide caused by grassland degradation. The test results showed that the shear strength of root-soil composite system of 6 different combinations was a increasing trend with the decrease of altitude. Namely,the shear strength of the root-soil composite system of Stipa purpurea Griseb. + Kobresia pygmaea C. B. Clarke at the top of the sunny slope was 27.76 kPa and the value of Elymus nutans Griseb. at the bottom of the sunny slope was 37.53 kPa. The reasons why the shear strength of 6 kinds of combinations varied from large to small with the decrease of altitude were related to their density,moisture content,root content and dry weight of roots in the root-soil composite system samples. That is,the root content of composite system at the top,middle and bottom of the sunny slope were 6.2%,5.5% and 16.2%,respectively. The values at the top,middle and bottom of the shady slope were 8.0%,11.4% and 31.6%,respectively. © 2019 China Agricultural University. All rights reserved.     

4个燕麦品种在黄河滩区生产性能和农艺性状的研究

在河南省黄河滩区土壤和气候条件下,燕麦播种量为225 kg/hm²时,通过对比试验,分别测定五寨、林纳、坝莜3号和加燕4个燕麦品种在不同生长期茎叶比、鲜干比、株高、干草产量等指标,研究不同燕麦品种生产性能和农艺性状的动态变化。结果表明：燕麦4个品种在扬花期茎叶比分别为65.34%、58.18%、70.05%、54.72%,鲜干比分别为3.12、3.17、3.07、3.31;燕麦的生长速度呈现出“低—高—低”的“S”形动态模式,在抽穗—扬花期生长速度最大,盛花期株高达分别到108.58、103.43、100.37、113.42 cm,干草产量分别为549.17、514.74、519.63、531.53 g DM/m²。4个燕麦品种均适合在黄河滩种植和生长,表现出生长快、产量高的特点,其中加燕品种各项性能表现更好。     

Characteristics of Intact Wyoming Big Sagebrush Associations in Southeastern Oregon

The Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis [Beetle & A. Young] S.L. Welsh) alliance is the most extensive of the big sagebrush complex in the Intermountain West. There is a lack of information describing vegetation characteristics, diversity, and heterogeneity of the Wyoming big sagebrush alliance. We annually sampled 48 Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities over 10 yr to delineate major vegetation associations and describe their major vegetation characteristics including canopy cover, density, species richness, and yield. Six associations were identified on the basis of dominant or codominant perennial bunchgrass species, using MRPP analysis, and they included ARTRW8 (Wyoming big sagebrush)/PSSP6 (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. Löve, bluebunch wheatgrass), ARTRW8/ACTH7 (Achnatherum thurberianum [Piper] Barkworth, Thurber’s needlegrass), ARTRW8/FEID (Festuca idahoensis Elmer, Idaho fescue), ARTRW8/HECO26 (Hesperostipa comata [Trin. & Rupr.] Barkworth, needle-and-thread), ARTRW8/PSSP6-ACTH7, and ARTRW8/PSSP6-FEID-ACTH7. On average, PSSP6 and FEID associations had the highest total herbaceous cover and annual yields and the HECO26 and ACTH7 associations had the lowest. Perennial forb cover averaged over 5% in PSSP6 and FEID associations and ranged from 0.3% to 3.5% in the other associations. Sagebrush cover was greatest in ACTH7 and PSSP6-ACTH7 and lowest in FEID and HECO26 associations. Habitat suitability criteria for sage-grouse indicated that Wyoming big sagebrush associations at the stand/site level will generally not meet breeding habitat requirements and only attain suitable habitat requirements for other life stages about 50% of the time.     

淮南棉区第2代棉铃虫种群密度较低的原因

通过田间调查、室内模拟试验以及人工辅助试验 ,探讨了雨水、天敌、作物布局和棉花生育期以及防治措施等对淮南地区第 2代棉铃虫种群密度的影响。结果表明 :大雨对棉铃虫卵有较强的冲刷作用 ,小雨淋湿棉叶对棉铃虫初孵幼虫以及较高的土壤湿度对棉铃虫蛹均有致命的打击 ;棉田四周面积较大的玉米作物是棉铃虫的主要食物源 ,棉花迟播迟栽对第 2代棉铃虫幼虫的钻蛀极为不利 ;天敌的捕食与寄生对第 2代棉铃虫种群的增长起到了重要的抑制作用 ,而不合理地使用化学农药则会削弱这种作用